What’s new in Canary Build 29560.1000

Changes and Improvements gradually being rolled out with toggle on*

• This update includes platform changes in moving to a new active development build.

[General]

• Fixed an issue causing some Insiders to experience an increase in freezes after the latest flights.
• Fixed an issue resulting in attached USB devices not working for some Insiders after the latest flight.
• Improved reliability of Setting Screensaver Settings back to None.

Reminders for Windows Insiders in the Canary Channel

• These builds can be unstable and may be released with limited documentation. Join Windows Insider – Get early access to Windows 11 features & updates
• The builds we release to the Canary Channel represent the latest platform changes early in the development cycle and should not be seen as matched to any specific release of Windows. Features and experiences included in these builds may never get released as we try out different concepts and get feedback. Features may change over time, be removed, or replaced and never get released beyond Windows Insiders. Some of these features and experiences could show up in future Windows releases when they’re ready.
• Many features in the Canary Channel are rolled out using Control Feature Rollout technology, starting with a subset of Insiders and ramping up over time as we monitor feedback to see how they land before pushing them out to everyone in this channel.
• The desktop watermark shown at the lower right corner of the desktop is normal for Windows Insider pre-release builds.
• Some features may show up in the Dev and Beta Channels first before showing up in the Canary
• For Windows Insiders who want to be the first to get features gradually rolled out to you, you can turn ON the toggle to get the latest updates as they are available via Settings > Windows Update*. Over time, we will increase the rollouts of features to everyone with the toggle turned on. Should you keep this toggle off, new features will gradually be rolled out to your PC over time once they are ready.
• Some features in active development we preview with Windows Insiders may not be fully localized and localization will happen over time as features are finalized. As you see issues with localization in your language, please report those issues to us via Feedback Hub.
• To get off the Canary Channel, a clean install of Windows 11 will be required.
• Check out Flight Hub for a complete look at what build is in which Insider channel.

What’s new in Canary Build 28020.1803

Changes and Improvements gradually being rolled out with toggle on*

• This update includes a small set of general improvements and fixes that improve the overall experience for Insiders running this build on their PCs.

[Input]

• Pen settings: we have made refinements to the Pen settings page including small changes to the options for the pen tail button. A new option, “Same as Copilot key”, enables the pen tail button to launch the same app as the Copilot key. Feedback: Share your thoughts in Feedback Hub (WIN + F) under Devices and Drivers > Bluetooth – Keyboards, Mice, and Pens.

• Improved reliability of configuring fluid dictation option in voice typing (Windows key plus H) settings.

[Settings]

• The Settings Developer Mode dialog is updating to be visually consistent with the rest of Windows 11 dialogs.

Feedback: Share your thoughts in Feedback Hub (WIN + F) under Settings > All other settings.

[Other]

• Removed extraneous unexpected error from sfc /scannow.

Reminders for Windows Insiders in the Canary Channel

• These builds can be unstable and may be released with limited documentation. Join Windows Insider – Get early access to Windows 11 features & updates
• Many features in the Canary Channel are rolled out using Control Feature Rollout technology, starting with a subset of Insiders and ramping up over time as we monitor feedback to see how they land before pushing them out to everyone in this channel.
• The desktop watermark shown at the lower right corner of the desktop is normal for Windows Insider pre-release builds.
• Some features may show up in the Dev and Beta Channels first before showing up in the Canary Channel.
• For Windows Insiders who want to be the first to get features gradually rolled out to you, you can turn ON the toggle to get the latest updates as they are available via Settings > Windows Update*. Over time, we will increase the rollouts of features to everyone with the toggle turned on. Should you keep this toggle off, new features will gradually be rolled out to your PC over time once they are ready.
• Some features in active development we preview with Windows Insiders may not be fully localized and localization will happen over time as features are finalized. As you see issues with localization in your language, please report those issues to us via Feedback Hub.
• To get off the Canary Channel, a clean install of Windows 11 will be required. As a reminder - Insiders can’t switch to a channel that is receiving builds with lower build numbers without doing a clean installation of Windows 11 due to technical setup requirements.
• Check out Flight Hub for a complete look at what build is in which Insider channel.

Synchronizing the Senses: Powering Multimodal Intelligence for Video Search

By Meenakshi Jindal and Munya Marazanye

Today’s filmmakers capture more footage than ever to maximize their creative options, often generating hundreds, if not thousands, of hours of raw material per season or franchise. Extracting the vital moments needed to craft compelling storylines from this sheer volume of media is a notoriously slow and punishing process. When editorial teams cannot surface these key moments quickly, creative momentum stalls and severe fatigue sets in.

Meanwhile, the broader search landscape is undergoing a profound transformation. We are moving beyond simple keyword matching toward AI-driven systems capable of understanding deep context and intent. Yet, while these advances have revolutionized text and image retrieval, searching through video, the richest medium for storytelling, remains a daunting “needle in a haystack” challenge.

The solution to this bottleneck cannot rely on a single algorithm. Instead, it demands orchestrating an expansive ensemble of specialized models: tools that identify specific characters, map visual environments, and parse nuanced dialogue. The ultimate challenge lies in unifying these heterogeneous signals, textual labels, and high-dimensional vectors into a cohesive, real-time intelligence. One that cuts through the noise and responds to complex queries at the speed of thought, truly empowering the creative process.

Why Video Search is Deceptively Complex

Since video is a multi-layered medium, building an effective search engine required us to overcome significant technical bottlenecks. Multi-modal search is exponentially more complex than traditional indexing: it demands the unification of outputs from multiple specialized models, each analyzing a different facet of the content to generate its own distinct metadata. The ultimate challenge lies in harmonizing these heterogeneous data streams to support rich, multi-dimensional queries in real time.

1. Unifying the Timeline

To ensure critical moments aren’t lost across scene boundaries, each model segments the video into overlapping intervals. The resulting metadata varies wildly, ranging from discrete text-based object labels to dense vector embeddings. Synchronizing these disjointed, multi-modal timelines into a unified chronological map presents a massive computational hurdle.

2. Processing at Scale

A standard 2,000-hour production archive can contain over 216 million frames. When processed through an ensemble of specialized models, this baseline explodes into billions of multi-layered data points. Storing, aligning, and intersecting this staggering volume of records while maintaining sub-second query latency far exceeds the capabilities of traditional database architectures.

3. Surfacing the Best Moments

Surface-level mathematical similarity is not enough to identify the most relevant clip. Because continuous shots naturally generate thousands of visually redundant candidates, the system must dynamically cluster and deduplicate results to surface the singular best match for a given scene. To achieve this, effective ranking relies on a sophisticated hybrid scoring engine that weighs symbolic text matches against semantic vector embeddings, ensuring both precision and interpretability.

4. Zero-Friction Search

For filmmakers, search is a stream-of-consciousness process, and a ten-second delay can disrupt the creative flow. Because sequential scanning of raw footage is fundamentally unscalable, our architecture is built to navigate and correlate billions of vectors and metadata records efficiently, operating at the speed of thought.

The Ingestion and Fusion Pipeline

To ensure system resilience and scalability, the transition from raw model output to searchable intelligence follows a decoupled, three-stage process:

1. Transactional Persistence

Raw annotations are ingested via high-availability pipelines and stored in our annotation service, which leverages Apache Cassandra for distributed storage. This stage strictly prioritizes data integrity and high-speed write throughput, guaranteeing that every piece of model output is safely captured.

{
  "type": "SCENE_SEARCH",
  "time_range": {
    "start_time_ns": 4000000000,
    "end_time_ns": 9000000000
  },
  "embedding_vector": [
    -0.036, -0.33, -0.29 ...
  ],
  "label": "kitchen",
  "confidence_score": 0.72
}

Figure 2: Sample Scene Search Model Annotation Output

2. Offline Data Fusion

Once the annotation service securely persists the raw data, the system publishes an event via Apache Kafka to trigger an asynchronous processing job. Serving as the architecture’s central logic layer, this offline pipeline handles the heavy computational lifting out-of-band. It performs precise temporal intersections, fusing overlapping annotations from disparate models into cohesive, unified records that empower complex, multi-dimensional queries.

Cleanly decoupling these intensive processing tasks from the ingestion pipeline guarantees that complex data intersections never bottleneck real-time intake. As a result, the system maintains maximum uptime and peak responsiveness, even when processing the massive scale of the Netflix media catalog.

To achieve this intersection at scale, the offline pipeline normalizes disparate model outputs by mapping them into fixed-size temporal buckets (one-second intervals). This discretization process unfolds in three steps:

• Bucket Mapping: Continuous detections are segmented into discrete intervals. For example, if a model detects a character “Joey” from seconds 2 through 8, the pipeline maps this continuous span of frames into seven distinct one-second buckets.
• Annotation Intersection: When multiple models generate annotations for the exact same temporal bucket, such as character recognition “Joey” and scene detection “kitchen” overlapping in second 4, the system fuses them into a single, comprehensive record.
• Optimized Persistence: These newly enriched records are written back to Cassandra as distinct entities. This creates a highly optimized, second-by-second index of multi-modal intersections, perfectly associating every fused annotation with its source asset.

The following record shows the overlap of the character “Joey” and scene “kitchen” annotations during a 4 to 5 second window in a video asset:

{
  "associated_ids": {
    "MOVIE_ID": "81686010",
    "ASSET_ID": "01325120–7482–11ef-b66f-0eb58bc8a0ad"
  },
  "time_bucket_start_ns": 4000000000,
  "time_bucket_end_ns": 5000000000,
  "source_annotations": [
    {
      "annotation_id": "7f5959b4–5ec7–11f0-b475–122953903c43",
      "annotation_type": "CHARACTER_SEARCH",
      "label": "Joey",
      "time_range": {
        "start_time_ns": 2000000000,
        "end_time_ns": 8000000000
      }
    },
    {
      "annotation_id": "c9d59338–842c-11f0–91de-12433798cf4d",
      "annotation_type": "SCENE_SEARCH",
      "time_range": {
        "start_time_ns": 4000000000,
        "end_time_ns": 9000000000
      },
      "label": "kitchen",
      "embedding_vector": [
        0.9001, 0.00123 ....
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Figure 4: Sample Intersection Record For Character + Scene Search

3. Indexing for Real Time Search

Once the enriched temporal buckets are securely persisted in Cassandra, a subsequent event triggers their ingestion into Elasticsearch.

To guarantee absolute data consistency, the pipeline executes upsert operations using a composite key (asset ID + time bucket) as the unique document identifier. If a temporal bucket already exists for a specific second of video, perhaps populated by an earlier model run, the system intelligently updates the existing record rather than generating a duplicate. This mechanism establishes a single, unified source of truth for every second of footage.

Architecturally, the pipeline structures each temporal bucket as a nested document. The root level captures the overarching asset context, while associated child documents house the specific, multi-modal annotation data. This hierarchical data model is precisely what empowers users to execute highly efficient, cross-annotation queries at scale.

Multimodal Discovery and Result Ranking

The search service provides a high-performance interface for real-time discovery across the global Netflix catalog. Upon receiving a user request, the system immediately initiates a query preprocessing phase, generating a structured execution plan through three core steps:

• Query Type Detection: Dynamically categorizes the incoming request to route it down the most efficient retrieval path.
• Filter Extraction: Isolates specific semantic constraints such as character names, physical objects, or environmental contexts to rapidly narrow the candidate pool.
• Vector Transformation: Converts raw text into high-dimensional, model-specific embeddings to enable deep, context-aware semantic matching.

Once generated, the system compiles this structured plan into a highly optimized Elasticsearch query, executing it directly against the pre-fused temporal buckets to deliver instantaneous, frame-accurate results.

Fine-Tuning Semantic Search

To support the diverse workflows of different production teams, the system provides fine-grained control over search behavior through configurable parameters:

• Exact vs. Approximate Search: Users can toggle between exact k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) for uncompromising precision, and Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) algorithms (such as HNSW) to maintain blazing speed when querying massive datasets.
• Dynamic Similarity Metrics: The system supports multiple distance calculations, including cosine similarity and Euclidean distance. Because different models shape their high-dimensional vector spaces distinctly based on their underlying training architectures, the flexibility to swap metrics ensures that mathematical closeness perfectly translates to true semantic relevance.
• Confidence Thresholding: By establishing strict minimum score boundaries for results, users can actively prune the long tail of low-probability matches. This aggressively filters out visual noise, guaranteeing that creative teams are not distracted and only review results that meet a rigorous standard of mathematical similarity.

Textual Analysis & Linguistic Precision

To handle the deep nuances of dialogue-heavy searches, such as isolating a character’s exact catchphrase amidst thousands of hours of speech, we implement a sophisticated text analysis strategy within Elasticsearch. This ensures that conversational context is captured and indexed accurately.

• Phrase & Proximity Matching: To respect the narrative weight of specific lines (e.g., “Friends don’t lie” in Stranger Things), we leverage match-phrase queries with a configurable slop parameter. This guarantees the system retrieves the correct scene even if the user’s memory slightly deviates from the exact transcription.
• N-Gram Analysis for Partial Discovery: Because video search is inherently exploratory, we utilize edge N-gram tokenizers to support search-as-you-type functionality. By actively indexing dialogue and metadata substrings, the system surfaces frame-accurate results the moment an editor begins typing, drastically reducing cognitive load.
• Tokenization and Linguistic Stemming: To seamlessly support the global scale of the Netflix catalog, our analysis chain applies sophisticated stemming across multiple languages. This ensures a query for “running” automatically intersects with scenes tagged with “run” or “ran” collapsing grammatical variations into a single, unified search intent.
• Levenshtein Fuzzy Matching: To account for transcription anomalies or phonetic misspellings, we incorporate fuzzy search capabilities based on Levenshtein distance algorithms. This intelligent soft-matching approach ensures that high-value shots are never lost to minor data-entry errors or imperfect queries.

Aggregations and Flexible Grouping

The architecture operates at immense scale, seamlessly executing queries within a single title or across thousands of assets simultaneously. To combat result fatigue, the system leverages custom aggregations to intelligently cluster and group outputs based on specific parameters, such as isolating the top 5 most relevant clips of an actor per episode. This guarantees a diverse, highly representative return set, preventing any single asset from dominating the search results.

Search Response Curation

While temporal buckets are the internal mechanism for search efficiency, the system post-processes Elasticsearch results to reconstruct original time boundaries. The reconstruction process ensures results reflect narrative scene context rather than arbitrary intervals. Depending on the query intent, the system generates results based on two logic types:

• Union: Returns the full span of all matching annotations (3–8 sec), which prioritizes breadth, capturing any instance where a specified feature occurs.
• Intersection: Returns only the exact overlapping duration of matching signals (4–6 sec). The intersection logic focuses on co-occurrence, isolating moments when multiple criteria align.

{
  "entity_id": {
    "entity_type": "ASSET",
    "id": "1bba97a1–3562–4426–9cd2-dfbacddcb97b"
  },
  "range_intervals": [
    {
      "intersection_time_range": {
        "start_time_ns": 4000000000,
        "end_time_ns": 8000000000
      },
      "union_time_range": {
        "start_time_ns": 2000000000,
        "end_time_ns": 9000000000
      },
      "source_annotations": [
        {
          "annotation_id": "fc1525d0–93a7–11ef-9344–1239fc3a8917",
          "annotation_type": "SCENE_SEARCH",
          "metadata": {
            "label": "kitchen"
          }
        },
        {
          "annotation_id": "5974fb01–93b0–11ef-9344–1239fc3a8917",
          "annotation_type": "CHARACTER_SEARCH",
          "metadata": {
            "character_name": [
              "Joey"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}

Figure 7: Sample Query Response

Future Extensions

While our current architecture establishes a highly resilient and scalable foundation, it represents only the first phase of our multi-modal search vision. To continuously close the gap between human intuition and machine retrieval, our roadmap focuses on three core evolutions:

• Natural Language Discovery: Transitioning from structured JSON payloads to fluid, conversational interfaces (e.g., “Find the best tracking shots of Tom Holland running on a roof”). This will abstract away underlying query complexity, allowing creatives to interact with the archive organically.
• Adaptive Ranking: Implementing machine learning feedback loops to dynamically refine scoring algorithms. By continuously analyzing how editorial teams interact with and select clips, the system will self-tune its mathematical definition of semantic relevance over time.
• Domain-Specific Personalization: Dynamically calibrating search weights and retrieval behaviors to match the exact context of the user. The platform will tailor its results depending on whether a team is cutting high-action marketing trailers, editing narrative scenes, or conducting deep archival research.

Ultimately, these advancements will elevate the platform from a highly optimized search engine into an intelligent creative partner, fully equipped to navigate the ever-growing complexity and scale of global video media.

Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our gratitude to the following teams and individuals whose expertise and collaboration were instrumental in the development of this system:

• Data Science Engineering: Nagendra Kamath, Chao Pan, Prachee Sharma, Ying Liao and Carolyn Soo for the critical media model insights that informed our architectural design.
• Product Management: Nimesh Narayan, Ian Krabacher, Ananya Poddar, Meghan Bailey and Anita Kuc for defining the user requirements and product vision.
• Media Production Suite Team: Szymon Borodziuk, Mike Czarnota, Dominika Sarkowicz, Bohdan Koval and Sasha Sabov for their work in engineering the end-user search experience.
• Asset Management Platform Team: For their collaborative efforts in operationalizing this design and bringing the system into production.

Powering Multimodal Intelligence for Video Search was originally published in Netflix TechBlog on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

This blog post was created with the help of AI tools. Yes, I used a bit of magic from language models to organize my thoughts and automate the boring parts, but the geeky fun and the in C# are 100% mine.

Hi!

So Google just dropped Gemma 4 — their most capable open model family yet — and I couldn’t resist. I spent a good chunk of time digging into the architecture, trying to convert models, hitting walls, finding workarounds, and hitting more walls. Here’s where things stand with ElBruno.LocalLLMs.

Spoiler: the library is ready for Gemma 4. The ONNX runtime… not yet. So, let me tell you the whole story.

Wait, What’s Gemma 4?

Google released four new models on April 2, 2026, and they’re pretty wild:

Model	Parameters	What’s Cool	Context
E2B IT	5.1B (only 2.3B active!)	Tiny but punches above its weight	128K
E4B IT	8B (4.5B active)	Sweet spot for most use cases	128K
26B A4B IT	25.2B (3.8B active)	MoE — only fires 3.8B params per token	256K
31B IT	30.7B	The big one, dense, no tricks	256K

The magic sauce is something called Per-Layer Embeddings (PLE) — basically, each transformer layer gets its own little embedding input. That’s how a 5.1B model acts like a 2.3B one. Clever stuff.

They’re all Apache 2.0. No gating, no license hoops. I like that.

What I Got Working (v0.8.0)

Model Definitions — Done

All four Gemma 4 variants are registered and ready to go:

var options = new LocalLLMsOptions
{
    Model = KnownModels.Gemma4E2BIT  // Smallest, edge-optimized
};

I added Gemma4E2BIT, Gemma4E4BIT, Gemma4_26BA4BIT, and Gemma4_31BIT. The moment ONNX models exist, you just point and shoot.

Chat Template — Already Works

Here’s the fun part: Gemma 4 uses the exact same chat template as Gemma 2 and 3:

<start_of_turn>user
What is the capital of France?<end_of_turn>
<start_of_turn>model

My existing GemmaFormatter handles it perfectly. Zero code changes needed. System messages fold into the first user turn, tool calling works — the whole thing just… works. I love when that happens.

Tool Calling — Yep, That Too

Gemma 4 natively supports function calling, and my formatter already handles the Gemma tool-calling format with proper JSON function definitions. No changes needed.

Tests — A Lot of Them

I went a bit overboard here (no regrets, and thanks Copilot!):

• 6 model definition tests — making sure all four variants are correctly registered
• 9 tool-calling tests — validating function calling scenarios with Gemma 4
• 195 multilingual tests — this one deserves its own section (see below)

All 697 tests pass.

Conversion Scripts — Ready and Waiting

I wrote dedicated Python and PowerShell conversion scripts:

python scripts/convert_gemma4.py --model-size e2b --output-dir ./models/gemma4-e2b

They’re ready. They just need a runtime that can handle Gemma 4. Which brings me to…

The Honest Part: ONNX Conversion Is Blocked

OK, here’s where I hit a wall. The ONNX conversion doesn’t work yet. 
( I maybe missing something here, but hey, it’s a long weekend !)

What’s the Problem?

Gemma 4 has three architectural features that onnxruntime-genai v0.12.2 simply doesn’t support:

1. Per-Layer Embeddings (PLE) — each layer needs a separate per_layer_inputs tensor. The runtime expects one embedding output. Not three dozen.
2. Variable Head Dimensions — sliding attention layers use head_dim=256, full attention layers (every 5th one) use 512. The runtime config only has ONE head_size field. Pick one? Yeah, no.
3. KV Cache Sharing — 35 layers share only 15 unique KV cache pairs. The runtime expects a 1:1 mapping. Math doesn’t math.

What I Tried (The Fun Part)

Here’s my adventure:

•  Patched the GenAI builder to route Gemma 4 through the Gemma 3 pipeline — it actually produced a 1.6GB ONNX file! But then the runtime choked with a shape mismatch at the full attention layers. So close.
•  Examined the onnx-community models — they have the right structure, but the I/O format is incompatible with GenAI’s KV cache management.
•  Tried loading as Gemma4ForCausalLM — nope, weights are stored under a multimodal prefix. Mismatch everywhere.
•  Searched for pre-release builds — nothing. 0.12.2 is the latest.
•  Checked GitHub issues/PRs — zero Gemma 4 mentions in the repo.

So When Will It Work?

The moment onnxruntime-genai adds Gemma 4 support, I’m ready to go:

• Model definitions
• Chat template
• Tests
• Conversion scripts
• Documentation

I’m watching: microsoft/onnxruntime-genai releases

Bonus: I Went Multilingual

While I was in testing mode, I figured — why not make sure all my formatters handle every language properly? So I added 195 multilingual tests covering:

Script/Language	Examples
CJK	日本語, 中文, 한국어
Cyrillic	Русский
Arabic	العربية (RTL)
Hebrew	עברית (RTL)
Devanagari	हिन्दी
Tamil	தமிழ்
Thai	ไทย
European	Ñ, Ü, Ø, Ž, Ą
Emoji	, ,
Zero-width	ZWJ, ZWNJ characters

All 7 formatters (ChatML, Phi3, Llama3, Qwen, Mistral, Gemma, DeepSeek) handle Unicode correctly. If you’re running models locally, you probably care about this. I know I do.

Try It Out

Grab v0.8.0:

dotnet add package ElBruno.LocalLLMs --version 0.8.0

Gemma 4 ONNX models aren’t ready yet, but there are 25+ other models that work right now:

using ElBruno.LocalLLMs;
using Microsoft.Extensions.AI;

// Gemma 2 works great today
var options = new LocalLLMsOptions { Model = KnownModels.Gemma2_2BIT };
using var client = await LocalChatClient.CreateAsync(options);
var response = await client.GetResponseAsync([
    new(ChatRole.User, "Tell me about Gemma 4!")
]);
Console.WriteLine(response.Text);

Links

•  NuGet Package
•  Supported Models
•  ONNX Conversion Guide
•  Blocked Models Reference
•  Google Gemma 4 Announcement
•  GitHub Repository

Pull requests are the beating heart of GitHub. As engineers, this is where we spend a good portion of our time. And at GitHub’s scale—where pull requests can range from tiny one-line fixes to changes spanning thousands of files and millions of lines—the pull request review experience has to stay fast and responsive.

We recently shipped the new React-based experience for the Files changed tab (now the default experience for all users). One of our main goals was to ensure a more performant experience across the board, especially for large pull requests. That meant investing in, and consistently prioritizing, the hard problems like optimized rendering, interaction latency, and memory consumption.

For most users before optimization, the experience was fast and responsive. But when viewing large pull requests, performance would noticeably decline. For example, we observed that in extreme cases, the JavaScript heap could exceed 1 GB, DOM node counts surpassed 400,000, and page interactions became extremely sluggish or even unusable. Interaction to Next Paint (INP) scores (a key metric in determining responsiveness) were above acceptable levels, resulting in an experience where users could quantifiably feel the input lag.

Our recent improvements to the Files changed tab have meaningfully improved some of these core performance metrics. While we covered several of these changes briefly in a recent changelog, we’re going to cover them in more detail here. Read on for why they mattered, what we measured, and how those updates improved responsiveness and memory pressure across the board and especially in large pull requests.

Performance improvements by pull request size and complexity

As we started to investigate and plan our next steps for improving these performance issues, it became clear early on that there wouldn’t be one silver bullet. Techniques that preserve every feature and browser-native behavior can still hit a ceiling at the extreme end. Meanwhile, mitigations designed to keep the worst-case from tipping over can be the wrong tradeoff for everyday reviews.

Instead of looking for a single solution, we began developing a set of strategies. We selected multiple targeted approaches, each designed to address a specific pull request size and complexity.

Those strategies focused on the following themes:

• Focused optimizations for diff-line components. Make the primary diff experience efficient for most pull requests. Medium and large reviews stay fast without sacrificing expected behavior, like native find-in-page.
• Gracefully degrade with virtualization. Keep the experience usable for the largest pull requests. Prioritize responsiveness and stability by limiting what is rendered at any moment.
• Invest in foundational components and rendering improvements. These compound across every pull request size, regardless of which mode a user ends up in.

With these strategies in mind, let’s explore the specific steps we took to address these challenges and how our initial iterations set the stage for the improvements that followed.

First steps: Optimizing diff lines

With our team’s goal of improving pull request performance, we had three main objectives:

1. Reduce memory and JavaScript heap size.
2. Reduce the DOM node count.
3. Reduce our average INP and significantly improve our p95 and p99 measurements

To hit these goals, we focused on simplification: less state, fewer elements, less JavaScript, and fewer React components. Before we look at the results and new architecture, let’s take a step back and look at where we started.

What worked and what didn’t with v1

In v1, each diff line was expensive to render. In unified view, a single line required roughly 10 DOM elements; in split view, closer to 15. That’s before syntax highlighting, which adds many more <span> tags and drives the DOM count even higher.

The following is a simplified visual of the React Component structure mixed with the DOM tree elements for v1 diffs.

At the React layer, unified diffs typically contain at least eight components per line, while the split view contain a minimum of 13. And these numbers represent baseline counts; extra UI states like comments, hover, and focus could add more components on top.

This approach made sense to us in v1, when we first ported the diff lines to React from our classic Rails view. Our original plan centered around lots of small reusable React components and maintaining DOM tree structure.

But we also ended up attaching a lot of React event handlers in our small components, often five to six per component. On a small scale, that was fine, but on a large scale that compounded quickly. A single diff line could carry 20+ event handlers multiplied across thousands of lines.

Beyond performance impact, it also increased complexity for developers. This is a familiar scenario where you implement an initial design, only to discover later its limitations when faced with the demands of unbounded data.

To summarize, for every v1 diff line there would be:

• Minimum of 10-15 DOM tree elements
• Minimum of 8-13 React Components
• Minimum of 20 React Event Handlers
• Lots of small re-usable React Components

This v1 strategy proved unsustainable for our largest pull requests, as we consistently observed that larger pull request sizes directly led to slower INP and increased JavaScript heap usage. We needed to determine the best path for improving this setup.

Small changes make a large impact: v2

No change is too small when it comes to performance, especially at scale. For example, we removed unnecessary <code> tags from our line number cells. While dropping two DOM nodes per diff line might appear minor, across 10,000 lines, that’s 20,000 fewer nodes in the DOM. These kinds of targeted, incremental optimizations, no matter how small, compound to create a much faster and more efficient experience. By not overlooking these details, we ensured that every opportunity for improvement was captured, amplifying the overall impact on our largest pull requests.

Refer to the images below to see how v1 looks compared to v2.

This becomes clearer if we look at the component structure behind this HTML:

We went from eight components per diff line to two. Most of the v1 components were thin wrappers that let us share code between Split and Unified views. But that abstraction had a cost: each wrapper carried logic for both views, even though only one rendered at a time. In v2, we gave each view its own dedicated component. Some code is duplicated, but the result is simpler and faster.

Simplifying the component tree

For v2, we removed deeply nested component trees, opting for dedicated components for each split and unified diff line. While this led to some code duplication, it simplified data access and reduced complexity.

Event handling is now managed by a single top-level handler using data-attribute values. So, for instance, when you click and drag to select multiple diff lines, the handler checks each event’s data-attribute to determine which lines to highlight, instead of each line having its own mouse enter function. This approach streamlines both code and improves performance.

Moving complex state to conditionally rendered child components

The most impactful change from v1 to v2 was moving app state for commenting and context menus into their respective components. Given GitHub’s scale, where some pull requests exceed thousands of lines of code, it isn’t practical for every line to carry complex commenting state when only a small subset of lines will ever have comments or menus open. By moving the commenting state into the nested components for each diff line, we ensured that the diff-line component’s main responsibility is just rendering code—aligning more closely with the Single Responsibility Principle.

O(1) data access and less “useEffect” hooks

In v1, we gradually accumulated a lot of O(n) lookups across shared data stores and component state. We also introduced extra re-rendering through useEffect hooks scattered throughout the diff-line component tree.

To address this in v2, we adopted a two-part strategy. First, we restricted useEffect usage strictly to the top level of diff files. We also established linting rules to prevent the introduction of useEffect hooks in line-wrapping React components. This approach enables accurate memoization of diff line components and ensures reliable, predictable behavior.

Next, we redesigned our global and diff state machines to utilize O(1) constant time lookups by employing JavaScript Map. This let us build fast, consistent selectors for common operations throughout our codebase, such as line selection and comment management. These changes have enhanced code quality, improved performance, and reduced complexity by maintaining flattened, mapped data structures.

Now, any given diff line simply checks a map by passing the file path and the line number to determine whether or not there are comments on that line. An access might look like: commentsMap[‘path/to/file.tsx’][‘L8’]

Did it work?

Definitely. The page runs faster than it ever did, and JavaScript heap and INP numbers are massively reduced. For a numeric look, check out the results below. These metrics were evaluated on a pull request using a split diff setting with 10,000 line changes in the diff comparison.

As you can see, this effort had a massive impact, but the improvements didn’t end there.

Virtualization for our largest pull requests

When you’re working with massive pull requests—p95+ (those with over 10,000 diff lines and surrounding context lines)—the usual performance tricks just don’t cut it. Even the most efficient components will struggle if we try to render tens of thousands of them at once. That’s where window virtualization steps in.

In front-end development, window virtualization is a technique that keeps only the visible portion of a large list or dataset in the DOM at any given time. Instead of loading everything (which would crush memory and slow things to a crawl), it dynamically renders just what you see on screen, and swaps in new elements as you scroll. This approach is like having a moving “window” over your data, so your browser isn’t bogged down by off-screen content.

To make this happen, we integrated TanStack Virtual into our diff view, ensuring that only the visible portion of the diff list is present in the DOM at any time. The impact was huge: we saw a 10X reduction in JavaScript heap usage and DOM nodes for p95+ pull requests. INP fell from 275–700+ milliseconds (ms) to just 40–80 ms for those big pull requests. By only showing what’s needed, the experience is much faster.

Further performance optimizations

To push performance even further, we tackled several major areas across our stack, each delivering meaningful wins for speed and responsiveness. By focusing on trimming unnecessary React re-renders and honing our state management, we cut down wasted computation, making UI updates noticeably faster and interactions smoother.

On the styling front, we swapped out heavy CSS selectors (e.g. :has(...)) and re-engineered drag and resize handling with GPU transforms, eliminating forced layouts and sluggishness and giving users a crisp, efficient interface for complex actions.

We also stepped up our monitoring game with interaction-level INP tracking, diff-size segmentation, and memory tagging, all surfaced in a Datadog dashboard. This continues to give our developers real-time, actionable metrics to spot and squash bottlenecks before they become issues.

On the server side, we optimized rendering to hydrate only visible diff lines. This slashed our time-to-interactive and keeps memory usage in check, ensuring that even huge pull requests feel fast and responsive on load.

Finally, with progressive diff loading and smart background fetches, users are now able to see and interact with content sooner. No more waiting for a massive number of diffs to finish loading.

All together, these targeted optimizations made our UI feel lighter, faster, and ready for anything our users throw at it.

Diff-initely better: The power of streamlined performance

This exciting journey to streamline the diff line architecture yielded substantial improvements in performance, efficiency and maintainability. By reducing unnecessary DOM nodes, simplifying our React component tree, and relocating complex state to conditionally rendered child components, we achieved faster rendering times and lower memory consumption. The adoption of more O(1) data access patterns and stricter rules for state management further optimized performance. This made our UI more responsive (faster INP!) and easier to reason with.

These measurable gains demonstrate that targeted refactoring, even within our large and mature codebase, can deliver meaningful benefits to all users—and that sometimes focusing on small, simple improvements can have the largest impact. To see the performance gains in action, go check out your open pull requests.

The post The uphill climb of making diff lines performant appeared first on The GitHub Blog.

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