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30 Years of JavaScript: 10 Milestones That Changed the Web

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JavaScript logo on a 1995 PC

Thirty years ago, Netscape engineer Brendan Eich famously created a new client-side scripting language in just ten days. It was initially called Mocha, but by the end of the year it would be renamed JavaScript. In 1995, nobody could’ve predicted that JavaScript would become the world’s most popular programming language. But that’s exactly what happened.

How did JavaScript become the defining technology of the modern web? In this article, we’ll look at ten milestone moments in JavaScript’s 30-year history. It’s remarkable how much the JavaScript ecosystem — and by extension the web ecosystem — has expanded and transformed during that time.

1. 1995: Adding Interactivity to the Web

The first key moment was, of course, those ten days in May 1995. The idea was to create a Netscape equivalent to Microsoft’s Visual Basic — a web language that was easy for beginner developers, web designers and DIY folks to use. Or as Brendan Eich himself later put it, “there was a need for a language that was approachable, that you could put directly in the web page.”

Putting into the web page, in practical terms, meant using a scripting language to create client-side programs that ran inside the Netscape browser. The name JavaScript was largely a marketing term devised by Netscape and Sun Microsystem executives. But there was a kind of logic to it: JavaScript would be for designing small interactive effects — such as form validation or animated buttons — while Java would be for developing more complex web components.

JavaScript was publicly announced at the end of 1995, as part of Netscape’s beta launch of its Navigator 2.0 browser.

2. 1997: ECMAScript 1.0

Over 1996, early developers and webmasters began to experiment with JavaScript. At first, JavaScript was put to use in fairly trivial ways — scrolling text, silly animations, tricks with colors (fading, rainbow effects, and so on). Eich himself later referred to these types of JS features as “annoyances.”

But by 1997, JavaScript had become a sophisticated language — with new features like Netscape’s layers adding a further dynamic dimension to its capabilities. By this time Microsoft had its own version of JS called JScript; since JavaScript was open source, Microsoft had been free to copy and tweak JS to suit its Internet Explorer browser. Netscape, Microsoft and other companies then agreed to have an impartial specification produced, via a standards body called Ecma International. The first ECMA-262 specification (nick-named ECMAScript) was published in June 1997, giving JavaScript a neutral roadmap.

3. 1999: XMLHttpRequest Debuts

This is where things get really interesting for JavaScript — but curiously it was Microsoft that provided a great technical leap forward, not Netscape.

Internet Explorer 5 quietly introduced a technology called XMLHttpRequest, letting scripts fetch data in the background. It was an API in the form of a JavaScript object, using asynchronous calls to enable pages to update without full refreshes. It was the seed of what would later be called Ajax.

One of the Microsoft engineers responsible for this technology, Alex Hopmann, later explained that they created the technique for use in a web version of Outlook. When it came time to include XMLHttpRequest in IE5, it was added as part of the MSXML library (Microsoft XML Core Services). Hopmman said that’s where the “XML” part of the name comes from — “the thing is mostly about HTTP and doesn’t have any specific tie to XML other than that was the easiest excuse for shipping it so I needed to cram XML into the name,” he wrote.

More than anything else seen in JavaScript programming up till then, XMLHttpRequest pushed the web browser to evolve from document viewer to application platform.

4. 2005: Ajax & jQuery in Web 2.0

After the dot-com period, browser innovation atrophied — which also meant there wasn’t a lot of innovation happening in JavaScript either (although shoutout to JSON — JavaScript Object Notation — which Douglas Crockford invented in 2001). However, when Web 2.0 began around 2004, things picked up again.

Notably, XMLHttpRequest got a rebrand. UX architect Jesse James Garrett coined the term Ajax on February 18, 2005 (it stood for “asynchronous JavaScript and XML”). One month later, Google Maps showcased its potential. Ajax became perhaps the trendiest Web 2.0 feature — although shiny, rounded corners gave it a run for its money.

In August 2005, developer John Resig began what would become the most popular — and durable — JavaScript library of them all: jQuery. When he released it in January 2006, he promoted it as “new wave JavaScript.” Basically, it smoothed away DOM quirks, giving developers a single, chainable API.

5. 2009: Node.js Escapes the Browser

At JSConf EU on 27 May 2009, Ryan Dahl unveiled Node.js, marrying Chrome’s V8 engine to an event-loop server model. Suddenly JavaScript could handle the backend as well as the UI.

As a result of Node.js, the catchphrase “JavaScript everywhere” became common. The analysis firm Redmonk used the term in a July 2010 blog post, adding that JavaScript was now “the lingua franca of the cloud.” Certainly startups loved the single-language stack concept; and enterprises soon adopted it too.

The phrase caught on — “Run JavaScript Everywhere” is currently emblazoned across the project’s homepage.

6. 2014: npm Expansion

As the JavaScript ecosystem broadened to include the backend as well as the frontend, so the number of libraries and JS packages expanded too.

Npm was created in 2010 as a registry for JavaScript projects. By the time npm, Inc. was formed in 2014, commercializing the registry, the number of modules had ballooned from 6,000 in early 2012 to 50,000 packages. This was helped by npm’s easy install command, which encouraged a culture of ultra-small modules.

The rise of npm meant that developers moved from copy-pasting scripts to composing applications out of many tiny JS packages. That made code reuse easier, although it also added security and reliability risks in the dependency chain.

7. 2015: ES6 Modernises the Language

The long-awaited ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) aligned JavaScript with modern programming tastes. Indeed, the official specification acknowledged that JavaScript was now a “fully featured general propose programming language.” Here’s how the spec put it:

“ECMAScript usage has moved beyond simple scripting and it is now used for the full spectrum of programming tasks in many different environments and scales. As the usage of ECMAScript has expanded, so has the features and facilities it provides.”

ECMAScript 2015 was not just the largest-ever update to the language, but also added “a reliable process for annual updates that have brought a succession of improvements, large and small,” as The New Stack’s Mary Branscombe put it last year.

8. 2016: React and the Component Revolution

In Stack Overflow’s 2016 developer survey, React was listed as the top “trending tech” of that year (the previous year, React hadn’t even been mentioned in the report).

There’s no doubt that React was a revolutionary change to JavaScript development. When it was initially released in 2013 by Facebook, it gave developers two “virtual” copies of the DOM (a before and after for each interaction), from which you then run a “diffing” process to establish what exactly has changed. React then applies those changes to the actual DOM — meaning only a portion of the DOM is changed, with the rest of it staying as-is. That, in turn, means that only a portion of the webpage needs to be re-rendered for the end user. Facebook developer Christopher Chedeau compared React to “version control for the DOM.”

One of the other important concepts behind React was that it wasn’t template-based, like previous popular frameworks (such as Ruby on Rails and Django). As Facebook’s Pete Hunt said in 2013, “React approaches building user interfaces differently by breaking them into components [which] means React uses a real, full-featured programming language to render views.”

React was in full flow by 2016, but it was also starting to attract critics — whose main complaints were that React apps or pages were bloated with JavaScript code, too slow, and too complicated (especially in regards to state management).

9. 2019: TypeScript Breakthrough

RedMonk’s June 2019 language rankings placed TypeScript tenth — the first new entrant to the top 10 in five years and the first time TypeScript had broken into the top ten.

What TypeScript — a superset of JavaScript — brought to the table was static typing, IDE autocompletion, refactor-friendly tooling, and more. These features helped convince large enterprise teams that JavaScript could scale to millions of lines.

Part of the reason for TypeScript’s growing popularity from 2019 was its support by the main JavaScript frameworks. TypeScript integrates seamlessly with React, it is the primary language of Angular, and it is integrated with Vue.js. Plus, it is supported by server-side JS platforms like Deno (which has always had TypeScript support) and Node.js (which added it in March this year).

In Redmonk’s most recent rankings, for January 2025, TypeScript is number 6. So it continues to gain influence in the JS ecosystem.

10. 2022: WebAssembly and the Edge

WebAssembly became a W3C Recommendation in December 2019, but the developer inflection point came when Cloudflare open-sourced its workerd JavaScript/Wasm runtime in September 2022. JavaScript now commonly runs in datacenters worldwide, side-by-side with Wasm modules.

Practically speaking, this means that JavaScript is now being used on the network edge and is often teamed with WebAssembly for compute-heavy tasks — a glimpse, perhaps, of a polyglot future for programming (using multiple programming languages within a single project).

You might ask, wasn’t the original point of WebAssembly to compile other languages so that developers can use them in the browser via JavaScript? Yes indeed, but that is changing. As Fastly’s Guy Bedford told Mary Branscombe in April 2023, “WebAssembly has all these benefits which apply in all the different environments where it can be deployed, because of its security properties and its performance properties and its portability.” In other words, Wasm by itself has many benefits — particularly at the edge — and so bringing JavaScript into its ecosystem is worthwhile for certain projects.

What’s Next?

Will JavaScript even last another 30 years, in an era when AI might make programming itself obsolete? Nobody can answer that right now, but we do know that the web development community is starting to kick back against the complexity of the modern JavaScript ecosystem. As my colleague Alex T. Williams wrote in a post published earlier today, React in particular is being challenged. “Modern browsers are more capable, developers are more discerning, and the jig is almost up,” he noted.

So perhaps it’s time for a return to simplicity in the world of JavaScript. Regardless, let’s celebrate three decades of wide-ranging innovation for the web’s premier programming language. Thanks Brendan Eich for those 10 hectic days in 1995, and here’s to 30 more years!

The post 30 Years of JavaScript: 10 Milestones That Changed the Web appeared first on The New Stack.

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Blog: A Minute from the Moderators

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Hello Hachydermia!

It’s been a while since we had one of these, and we thank you for your patience. We have more posts queued up on additional topics, but as promised we’ve been handling a sign up wave so we wanted to take time to explain what we’re seeing and how we’re working on it.

As always: processes grow over time, and moderation decisions are appealable. In cases like account applications, especially with regard to verifying identity, we won’t typically accept an appeal via the Appeal button unless we explicitly request an appeal that way. When that happens, the email that we send you will explain how to appeal that type of decision. We’ll get into appeals in a moment, but first we want to explain a concept called “inauthentic activity”.

Inauthentic Activity

Inauthentic activity is a term that you may hear in moderation in a variety of contexts. To be clear about what we mean when using the term in this post:

Inauthentic activity is any activity that intends to mislead.

It is important to understand this concept, because like all things inauthentic activity has a spectrum. The most extreme cases of inauthentic activity are activities like: harassment, stalking, and so forth. However, there are less extreme forms of inauthentic activity such as fake accounts which are created to post spamming links or text.

Case in point: Nicole, Fediverse Chick

Many on the Fediverse have encountered inauthentic account creation already. A notable example of this type of activity involved a wave of nearly identical accounts across the Fediverse that is likely familiar to all: Nicole, the Fediverse Chick. These accounts typically shared the same display name (“Nicole”) and a nearly identical profile bio. “Nicole” accounts engaged in mass direct messaging, and often introduced themselves in a uniform, scripted way.

Though each account had a unique handle (evading simple filters), they functioned as a coordinated spam campaign. The accounts were not genuinely attempting to represent an individual named “Nicole”, they were created to distribute spam making them a clear case of inauthentic account creation. There are also numerous posts and analysis on the Fediverse regarding elements that indicated a potential targeted harassment campaign, compounding the nature of the activity.

What Hachyderm is seeing

So what are we seeing right now? The primary form of inauthentic account creation attempts we’re seeing on Hachyderm specifically are accounts that are created with the intent to post spam links and/or text. Most of the spam is what we’ll loosely call “relatively benign”. By that we mean they mostly do not appear to be attempts to phish, post traumatic or other forms of harmful content, and so forth.

While none of these types of spam accounts are new, the main change we’re seeing now is that more and more of the account creators seem to be using automation to generate “plausible reasons to join”. While there are more than a fair few that we suspect (or have enough text that we can confirm) are using AI text generation tools to “write a human sounding reason to join an instance”, simple scripting can also accomplish the same end. This basically means that historically it was more straightforward to determine if an account was a “bot or not” because, candidly, most bots prima facie looked like bots. Now that is no longer the case, so we’re continuing to improve our processes to adapt to this new reality.

How Hachyderm is currently handling applications

Right now we’re trying to find the right balance between reasonable friction to reduce inauthentic activity, while still allowing a smooth onboarding experience for new Hachydermians. We know this will introduce more friction than was present in the past, but we’ll continue to re-evaluate our decisions as different inauthentic activity campaigns occur, and we welcome your feedback on ways we could make this easier.

To help future Hachydermians and to provide better transparency, this post is to explain and set expectations on the process, its limitations, and how you can help make the process faster and smoother.

How we’re using the Mastodon tools

It’s important to understand how the tooling works to then understand how pending applications can be actioned. Right now, it is not possible to directly message a pending account on Hachyderm via Mastodon’s platform tooling while the account application is still in a “pending” state. That means there are two ways to try to contact account applicants:

  1. Attempt to contact the applicant via the email on the account application
  2. Still try to contact the applicant in-platform

While there are situations where we would try to reach someone via email, we generally prefer to do so via Mastodon. This is doubly true for cases of identity verification. Because it’s easy to create new email addresses—and many people use unique addresses for different services as a security measure—email alone isn’t a reliable way to determine whether an account is inauthentic

That means that we try to find alternative ways to contact applicants where we can. There are two things we are doing:

  • If an applicant says they are migrating from a different account or Fediverse instance, we message that account to verify their identity. We will only do this by sending a DM (“mentions-only message”) from the official hachyderm@hachyderm.io account.
  • If we need to contact the account holder for a different reason, we may need to “Approve” the account to get it out of “Pending” state, and then take a moderation action, such as a ”Freeze” or “Suspend”.

This process can feel confusing—particularly when an approval is quickly followed by a freeze or suspension. We handle it this way because suspensions and freezes can be appealed and reversed, whereas application rejections are final and can’t be undone. Until we have better processes or tools to manage this more cleanly, we’ll continue approving and then freezing / suspending suspected inauthentic accounts to leave room for correction if we’ve made an error.

How applicants and Hachydermians can help

For applicants

Writing at least a sentence makes it easier to determine if an account is a bot or not. You don’t need to write an essay, but one word reasons don’t really help the “bot or not” assessment. If a Hachydermian has offered to vouch for you, please include their handle as well.

If you’re moving instances, or are otherwise applying and referencing an existing Fediverse account either on Hachyderm or elsewhere, watch for a DM from our official hachyderm@hachyderm.io account to verify your application.

This information is helpful even if you’re not migrating accounts and are planning to either have two separate accounts or if you plan to eventually delete one. In either case, we can refer to / work with your existing account to do the necessary checks to approve your Hachyderm account application.

This is doubly true for entity accounts (projects, community based conferences, etc.) as we want to make sure that people are not creating third party accounts claiming to be managed by someone who isn’t managing them.

If you miss a DM from us or have otherwise haven’t heard from us in more than a few days, don’t worry! We may put your account temporarily into an “approve-suspend” state until we hear back from you. In this case, the email you receive will include what to do next.

If you believe that we’ve made a mistake, just let us know by sending us an email at admin@hachyderm.io. If you have other issues that you want to get a hold of, please read the “Reporting Issues and Communicating with Moderators” page.

For Hachydermians

If you know that you’ve recommended that someone joins our instance specifically, and you know them well enough to vouch for them, please let them know to include your Hachyderm handle as part of their application. When we receive their application we’ll reach out to you also to confirm that you did in-fact vouch for them. Please know that we do not share any 1:1 communications outside of the moderation team, so if you cannot vouch for them and/or have other information you need to provide, it will be kept in confidence. If you would like to report any other issues or if you need to get a hold of the moderation team, please review the “Reporting Issues and Communicating with Moderators” page.

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Developing UI Components in Blazor MAUI (Part 4)

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F# Weekly #27, 2025 – Breaking changes: Yay or Nay?

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Welcome to F# Weekly,

A roundup of F# content from this past week:

News

What are your thoughts on slight breaking changes in an upcoming release? #fsharp #fsharpplus github.com/fsprojects/F…

Oskar Gewalli (@wallymathieu.bsky.social) 2025-07-02T06:19:53.552Z

Videos

Blogs

Highlighted projects

New Releases

Having some #fsharp fun building Alloy's shadow API! 🎭 These look like System/Core calls but they're statically resolved to our dependency-free implementations. Same familiar F# idioms, zero BCL dependencies. It's like BCL cosplay for native compilation! 🚀 #dotnet

SpeakEZ.ai (@speakezai.bsky.social) 2025-07-03T20:44:11.991Z

That’s all for now. Have a great week.

If you want to help keep F# Weekly going, click here to jazz me with Coffee!

Buy Me A Coffee





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LM Studio 0.3.17 Adds Model Context Protocol (MCP) Support for Tool-Integrated LLMs

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LM Studio has released version 0.3.17, introducing support for the Model Context Protocol (MCP) — a step forward in enabling language models to access external tools and data sources. Originally developed by Anthropic, MCP defines a standardized interface for connecting LLMs to services such as GitHub, Notion, or Stripe, enabling more powerful, contextual reasoning.

By Robert Krzaczyński
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GitHub vs Assembla: Comparing Git Hosting, Project Management, and Team Visibility

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There’s no question that GitHub is a powerful, highly rated platform. It’s the industry standard in 2025. But surprisingly – or not – Google searches for “GitHub alternative” have gone up by 150% over the past 4 years. More and more teams are looking for other source code management and collaboration platforms. Why is that?

When teams start looking beyond GitHub, it usually isn’t because GitHub is bad. It’s because their needs have outgrown what GitHub was built for.

At Assembla, we’ve seen this pattern over and over. We’ve been around for 20 years, watching software development and project management shift and evolve. Flashy new platforms come and go. But practical, no-nonsense tools that keep teams productive and support async collaboration? Those don’t go out of style.

We’ve worked with teams of all sizes who wanted to move faster, stay organized, and cut the friction caused by juggling too many disconnected tools. That’s why we built Assembla: a tightly integrated platform that gives teams clarity and control, without unnecessary noise.

In this article, we’ll walk you through common issues developers face with GitHub. These are based on thousands of real user reviews. We’ll also show why Assembla is a strong alternative for teams that need better project management, scalable storage, large file support, and a unified workspace.

Why look beyond GitHub?

First, contrary to what many people think, Git and GitHub aren’t the same thing. Git is the most popular version control system in the world. GitHub is a source code management and CI/CD platform for Git repositories, owned by Microsoft. Git is an open source version control system.

GitHub gives developers a place to store code, track changes, collaborate and deploy projects. But many developers first learn Git and GitHub at the same time in school or bootcamps. It’s easy to assume they’re inseparable, but they’re not.

Platforms like GitLab, Bitbucket, and Assembla offer other ways to host and manage code. Some teams may find these options suit their workflow better.

Even with GitHub’s solid 4.8 rating on Capterra, it isn’t perfect. We went through thousands of GitHub reviews and found these to be the most common complaints:

Steep learning curve for non-technical users

GitHub’s interface and workflows are primarily designed for developers, which can pose challenges for non-technical users such as designers and artists. The platform’s reliance on Git commands, branching strategies, and pull requests requires a level of technical understanding that may not be intuitive for those without a development background.

Limited built-in project management

GitHub Issues offers basic tracking for bugs and tasks, but it lacks advanced project management features. For instance, it doesn’t natively support complex workflows, detailed reporting, or resource management, which are essential for managing large-scale projects .

Limited CI/CD

GitHub Actions provides integrated CI/CD capabilities, but it may not match the depth and flexibility of established tools like Jenkins or GitLab CI. Features such as advanced deployment strategies (e.g., canary or blue-green deployments) often require additional configuration or are not as straightforward to implement.

Hidden costs

Access to GitHub’s Advanced Security features, including secret scanning and code scanning, is restricted to the Enterprise plan, which is priced at $49 per active committer per month. This pricing model can be a significant investment for organizations, especially smaller teams or startups.

Security concerns 

If a repo was ever forked in its lifetime, it’s possible to access data from deleted forks and repos, even on private repositories. This means that sensitive information could potentially be retrieved even after a repository is deleted.

Aggressive storage caps

When a repository nears 1 GB, GitHub starts asking politely to “take corrective action.” 5GB is the more-or-less hard limit on GitHub. Then there’s a separate storage for Git LFS that also varies by plan. These limits and thresholds are nothing but a headache for teams in binary-intensive industries like M&E that just want the freedom to scale without having to read the fine print.

“Pure garbage” pull requests

No review was more scathing than Linus Torvald’s, the creator of Linux and Git, who said, “Git comes with a nice pull-request generation module, but GitHub decided to replace it with their own totally inferior version. As a result, I consider GitHub useless for these kinds of things. It’s fine for hosting, but the pull requests and online commit editing are just pure garbage.”

These are real struggles for teams that need more than just source code management. They’re the kinds of blockers that slow teams down, force them to buy extra tools, or lead to frustrating storage limits that add unexpected costs. That’s why so many teams start searching for better options. And it’s exactly why we built Assembla.

Here’s where Assembla can be a better fit.

Assembla

Larger codebases and binary files

Many teams work with large assets and binary files that Git struggles to handle, even with Git LFS. GitHub’s storage limits and bandwidth restrictions can become expensive fast.

At Assembla, storage is a non-issue: for every Assembla Cloud plan you get either 50 GB or 250 GB of storage. No extra bandwidth fees, no Git LFS-specific storage, and no fine print apart from the one you’d hardly worry much about: $0,2 for every GB after your plan limit.

For teams in asset-heavy industries, we also support Git alongside Perforce and/or SVN. This makes Assembla a versatile home for teams with a hybrid workflow. Your developers want Git but your artists prefer Perforce? Assembla can make it happen.

Project management and version control in one place

GitHub is great for hosting and deploying. But most teams using it need extra tools like Jira to track work, run sprints, and measure progress. This creates scattered workflows, poor visibility, and time lost switching between tools.

At Assembla, a robust project management tool is built right into your repositories – not just a basic issue tracker. Our platform was designed around the Agile methodology. We offer ticketing, sprint boards, time tracking, velocity charts, cumulative flow diagrams, burndown charts, cycle time tracking, and blocking ticket reports. Tickets are tightly intertwined with pull requests.

You can see what your team is working on and how fast they’re moving, without jumping between apps.

Async collaboration

With more and more teams working across time zones now, nailing async collaboration is key. We built tools like our native standup feature to help teams quickly log what they’re working on, what’s done, and what’s blocking them.

This way, project managers and team leads can check progress at a glance without the need for constant follow-ups.

We also include a built-in wiki for documentation. Your team’s knowledge base stays connected to your tickets and code, making it easier to onboard new team members and keep docs up to date.

Streamlined, no-nonsense productivity

At Assembla, we believe teams work best in focused, distraction-free spaces. Our platform is streamlined. No unnecessary features or flashy UI tricks. Just what you need to get work done. Over the years, we’ve seen trend-driven tools come and go. The teams that stay with us value stability, simplicity, and control.

Bespoke support that feels personal

We’re not a multi-billion dollar conglomerate. When you open a support ticket at Assembla, you’ll probably talk to the same person from start to finish. If you reach out a year later, there’s a good chance you’ll speak to that same support agent again.

Our support is personal, consistent, and truly helpful.

Additionally, for teams that need custom workflows or unique integrations, our single-tenant hosting solution is fully customizable. Whatever you have set up on-premises or in your private cloud, we can replicate it. You offload the management, but keep full control over your workflow.

One platform, more visibility

GitHub has done a great job evolving beyond its early roots as a home for open-source projects, portfolios, and small dev teams. Today, it’s used by some of the world’s largest organizations.

But even as GitHub has scaled, most companies using it still rely on a patchwork of different tools to fill in the gaps. They use separate platforms for project management, sprint planning, time tracking, documentation, and team updates.

At Assembla, we want to offer teams of all sizes a unified solution where everything happens in one place. We believe developers should spend their time building great products, not managing complex toolchains.

We offer an integrated workspace that combines source control, agile project management, time tracking, async collaboration, and built-in documentation. It’s all connected, with no need to constantly jump between disconnected apps.

We offer an integrated workspace that combines source control, agile project management, time tracking, collaboration, and built-in documentation. It’s designed to help productivity-focused teams move faster, collaborate better, and keep everything connected.

Start your free trial today.

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